<ul><li><p>ProgrammingRobert G. Hershberger, Ph.D., FAIA</p><p>Architectural programming is the thorough and systematic evaluation of theinterrelated values, goals, facts, and needs of a clients organization, facilityusers, and the surrounding community. A well-conceived program leads tohigh-quality design.</p><p>Architectural programming has developed as an activity related to, butdistinct from, architectural design. It is considered an optional pre-design service under AIA Document B141, Standard Form of AgreementBetween Owner and Architect. Document B141 states that under basicservices, the architect is required only to provide a preliminary evalua-tion of the Owners program. Presumably after this preliminary evalua-tion the architect is expected to proceed with normal design services.</p><p>An increasing number of architects have found the aboveapproach unsatisfactory and have elected to offer architectural program-ming as an integral part of their services. In this context, programminghas evolved into a far more thorough and systematic endeavor thanwhen it was offered as an incidental part of the architectural designprocess or when it was conducted by the owner.</p><p>The need for programming services is likely to expand owing tothe increasing complexity of buildings and building systems. As well,many clients are becoming much more sophisticated and thus moreinterested in understanding and managing their physical resources.</p><p>Programming led by architects can provide clients with a sys-tematic process for decision making about organizational and project val-ues, goals, and requirements. Many clients have a limited view of therange of physical possibilities for accommodating their operations; archi-tects have the ideal professional background to help them visualizeoptions during programming. The programming process as led by archi-tecture firms can expose clients to a wide range of alternative approachesand help them choose appropriate directions.</p><p>CLIENT NEEDS</p><p>All types of clients need programming services. Institutional, government, and cor-porate clients are most likely to recognize this need and be willing to pay for programming</p><p>ROBERT HERSHBERGER is professor and dean emeritus of the College of Architecture at the Universityof Arizona. He is also a partner in Hershberger and Nickels Architects/Planners of Tucson andTempe, Arizona. He is the author of Architectural Programming and Predesign Manager.</p><p>PROGRAMMING SERVICES</p><p>Why a Client May Need These ServicesTo clarify project goals and design issuesTo provide a rational basis for design decision makingTo ensure that the project reflects the clients values</p><p>Knowledge and Skills RequiredKnowledge of architectural designKnowledge of construction methods and timelinesInvestigative and information-gathering skillsFamiliarity with construction costsKnowledge of space standardsAnalytical skillsStrong verbal, writing, and management skills</p><p>Representative Process TasksAssemble programming teamIdentify and prioritize client and user valuesDetermine project goalsIdentify project constraints and opportunitiesGather and analyze dataDocument project requirements</p><p>Summary</p><p>Excerpt from The Architects Handbook of Professional Practice, 13th edition 2000 </p><p>Supplemental Architectural Services 2000 AIA 1</p></li><li><p>services, although in some cases these clients may produce programs in-house or by usingother programming consultants before engaging the services of an architect.</p><p>Government agencies use programming services extensively because they often baseprocurement of design services on fully developed programs. Owners of complex institutionalfacilities such as hospitals and hotels easily recognize the need for careful up-front analysis ofdesign issues and will often employ architecture firms to develop their programs. Owners ofowner-occupied office facilities usually want quality programming in order to achieve facilitiesmanagement objectives. Clients with little experience with the building industry generally appre-ciate the guidance an architect can provide through the programming process. Developers arethe least likely to recognize the need for architectural programming services because manybelieve they know precisely what is needed in the market and thus see no reason to explorealternatives and weigh potential trade-offs. While some residential clients may not want to payextra for programming, they need the service, even when they are just remodeling a few rooms.</p><p>Discussing the benefits of programming during initial interviews sometimes broad-ens the vision of resistant clients and helps them understand why they need to contract forthese services.</p><p>Preliminary studies. Some clients will need financial feasibility, site suitability,and/or master planning services prior to architectural programming. Financial feasibility stud-ies explore market conditions in relation to specific sites and development plans in order toshow whether a particular project will be viable. These studies can be led by architects butoften require the expertise of other professionals. Site suitability studies may also be requiredprior to purchase of a particular property to make certain that the site is properly zoned, hasneeded services, and is appropriately sized and configured for a proposed project.</p><p>Architects are ideally trained to conduct site suitability studies because of theirdesign skills and knowledge of applicable land use and building codes and regulations. Wheregeotechnical issues are involved, civil engineering consultants may be brought in. Landscapearchitects should be consulted on projects where there are significant site planning issues.</p><p>Clients with a large site and an extensive program that will develop over time shoulddevelop a master plan before programming for any particular building or facility. Architectswho provide master planning services followed by complete architectural programming ser-vices are in an excellent position to prove their value to the client and thus to be assured ofobtaining the commission for design services for each phase of master plan implementation.</p><p>Architectural programming. Architectural programming can include all of theabove studies but generally commences after they are complete. It tends to focus on specificfacilities identified in the master plan and includes all of the areas mentioned in the previous</p><p>sections: value identification, goal setting, discovery of related facts, anddevelopment of specific project requirements. These are all developed in col-laboration with the client, user, and community, but depending on thenature of the project, specialists may be required to develop some of theinformation. Specialists may include kitchen consultants, laboratory consul-tants, security consultants, data and communications specialists, and trans-portation and parking specialists.</p><p>Some architects specialize in offering programming services, andother professionals, including social and behavioral scientists, systems ana-lysts, interior designers, and building management and operations specialists,have entered the field. Some programming consultants, including architects,specialize in particular building types or functions, such as hospitals, sportscomplexes, hotels, justice facilities, laboratories, security systems, cleanrooms, and kitchens.</p><p>Costs of services. Architects who offer programming serviceshave had increasing success in negotiating fees to cover the cost of theseservices because owners recognize that the resulting buildings better servetheir needs. Indeed, architecture firms that offer programming as a primaryservice are often recognized by their peers as producing quality architec-ture. Fees for programming vary. Highly technical buildings such as hospi-tals or laboratories can command higher figures than commercial andmoderate-size institutional buildings. Fees for master planning also varydepending on the expected deliverables and project types.</p><p>Values in ArchitecturalProgramming</p><p>Human: functional, social, physical, physiological,psychological</p><p>Environmental: site, climate, context, resources, waste</p><p>Cultural: historical, institutional, political, legal</p><p>Technological: materials, systems, processes</p><p>Temporal: growth, change, permanence</p><p>Economic: finance, construction, operations, maintenance, energy</p><p>Aesthetic: form, space, color, meaning</p><p>Safety: structural, fire, chemical, personal, criminal</p><p>Robert Hershberger, Architectural Programming and Predesign Manager (1999)</p><p>2 Supplemental Architectural Services 2000 AIA</p></li><li><p>SKILLS</p><p>On smaller projects, one person from the programming firm can usually handle allof the programming tasks. On larger projects, the programming team will generally include asenior architect, who handles sensitive client interviews and work session presentations (orat least introductions); a project programmer, who conducts interviews with key personnel,develops questionnaires (if needed), analyzes data, and oversees development of the pro-gramming document; and junior programmers, who do literature searches, conduct userinterviews, conduct observational studies including site analysis, and assist the project pro-grammer in developing the program document.</p><p>Specialized consultants are used to develop the criteria and parameters for particu-lar spaces or facility types, such as laboratories, airports, prisons, kitchens, andhospitality/entertainment complexes. The involvement of specific personnel should be care-fully developed in a programming work plan.</p><p>Programmers must be familiar with the fundamentals of the architectural design andbuilding processes and be alert to the design and construction implications of program state-ments. But they must also have specific knowledge and skill to be effective at programming.</p><p>Expertise in information gathering is the heart of the programmers domain andrequires the ability to</p><p> Conduct efficient literature searches Employ active listening skills to conduct diagnostic interviews Record meaningful data during a walk-through study Develop comprehensive space inventories Obtain trace evidence Conduct systematic observations Know when and how to develop and administer questionnaires</p><p>Strong verbal and management skills are necessary for group interviewing and worksession leadership. Here again, active listening skills are vital, but the ability to direct the courseof the session and to lead people of diverse opinions to consensus is even more important.</p><p>Data analysis skills are equally important. Knowing what to collect and then how toconvert the raw data to useful information is essential to effective programming. Skilled pro-grammers learn how to avoid data clog, a favorite term of programming pioneer Willie Pea.The programmer must learn to collect only the needed data and then know how to convertthem into meaningful (reliable and valid) information that can influence design of the project.</p><p>Knowledge of space size standards for various building types is a fundamentalrequirement for programmers. Before going into the work session, they must know what thestandards are for a building type as well as what space the client actually has, so they canguide the client to agreement on appropriate net space needs for a particular facility. Theymust also be aware of appropriate efficiencies for various building types and quality levels tobe able to apply them to net totals to arrive at gross square footage requirements. Efficiency</p><p>VALUES GOALS FACTS NEEDS IDEAS</p><p>Human</p><p>Environmental</p><p>Cultural</p><p>Technological</p><p>Temporal</p><p>Economic</p><p>Aesthetic</p><p>Safety</p><p>Other</p><p>VALUE-BASED PROGRAMMING MATRIX</p><p>Supplemental Architectural Services 2000 AIA 3</p></li><li><p>factors are often less than 70 percent for many building types. But clients rarely understandhow much of a building area is consumed by such space as halls, walls, utility chases, andclosets. The programmer must have the knowledge and skill to guide the client through thispart of program development.</p><p>The programmer must be familiar with current construction cost information and withgeneral project delivery timelines. In some cases it may be necessary to consult general contrac-tors or cost estimators in order to develop realistic preliminary costing and project schedules.Where clients require full financial feasibility studies, consultants with backgrounds in real estatedevelopment and banking often are used. At this early stage, it is common to provide a contin-gency budget of 20 or 30 percent of the expected building cost because so many factors (landcost, soils, easements, etc.) are unknown. This percentage will be reduced as the project pro-gresses and more is known, so that a common contingency in the master planning would be 15percent, dropping to 10 or 12 percent in programming and 5 to 7 percent for construction.</p><p>Finally, writing skills are needed to capture and delineate the qualitative and quanti-tative aspects of the client requirements. An architectural programmer must be able to com-municate programming information verbally and visually to the client, the users, the commu-nity, and the architect who will design the project.</p><p>Equipment. Given that virtually all architects will have a computer that can produce fin-ished drawings and a word-processed report, the only special equipment needed for architecturalprogramming would be a digital or Polaroid camera. No other special equipment is necessary.</p><p>PROCESS</p><p>Architectural programming is inherently a team process. At a minimum, the program-mer and client determine the program, but more often several persons from the programmingfirm, an array of users, and sometimes community participants are involved. The scale of theproject (e.g., a building interior, one building, a building complex) will have a strong effect onteam size and composition. Other factors include the type of facilities and level of specializedfunctions that will be required and possibly constraints on interaction with the client and users.</p><p>Client and User Values</p><p>Programming is the time to identify, consider, debate, reject, accept, and prioritize val-ues such as institutional purposes, functional efficiency, user comfort, building economics, safety,environmental sustainability, and visual quality. These identified values and concerns can have aprofound effect on the ultimate form of a building. If the program is driven primarily by con-cerns for functional efficiency, as is the case in many owner-produced programs, organizationaldecisions made during programming will significantly affect the form of the building.</p><p>If the program evolves more from the social and psychological needs of the users,prescriptions for form will also be inherent in the identified spaces and their sizes, character-istics, and relationships. If the program responds primarily to economic concerns, it is possi-ble that numerous material and system opportunities as well as potentially unique spacesand places will be eliminated from design consideration during programming. A carefullyconceived and comp...</p></li></ul>
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